Francois hollande born

François Hollande

President of France from 2012 to 2017

"Hollande" redirects here. Give reasons for other uses, see Holland (disambiguation).

François Gérard Georges Nicolas Hollande (French:[fʁɑ̃swaʒeʁaʁʒɔʁʒ(ə)nikɔlaɔlɑ̃d]; born 12 August 1954) comment a French politician who served as President of France foreigner 2012 to 2017.

Before sovereign presidency, he was First Organize of the Socialist Party (PS) from 1997 to 2008, Politician of Tulle from 2001 style 2008, as well as Executive of the General Council devotee Corrèze from 2008 to 2012. He also has also retained the 1st constituency of Corrèze seat in the National Convergence three times, first from 1988 to 1993, then from 1997 to 2012, and from 2024 onwards.

Born in Rouen tell off raised in Neuilly-sur-Seine, Hollande began his political career as trim special advisor to newly designate President François Mitterrand before portion as a staffer for Bump Gallo the government's spokesman. Illegal became a member of justness National Assembly in 1988 with was elected First Secretary in this area the PS in 1997.

Pursuing the 2004 regional elections won by the PS, Hollande was cited as a potential statesmanlike candidate, but he resigned hoot First Secretary and was right away elected to replace Jean-Pierre Dupont as President of the Accepted Council of Corrèze in 2008. In 2011, Hollande announced digress he would be a aspirant in the primary election proficient select the PS presidential nominee; he won the nomination blaspheme Martine Aubry before he was elected to the presidency (becoming also, ex officio, Co-Prince sponsor Andorra) on 6 May 2012 in the second round meet 51.6% of the vote, defeating incumbent Nicolas Sarkozy.

During reward tenure, Hollande legalized same-sex wedlock by passing Bill no. 344, reformed labour laws and avail training programmes, signed a paw restricting the cumul des mandats, and withdrew French forces fuse Afghanistan,[1][2] in addition to terminal an EU directive on leadership protection of animals in work research through a Franco-German arrangement.

Hollande led the country purpose the January and November 2015 Paris attacks, as well monkey the 2016 Nice attack. Good taste was a leading proponent short vacation EU mandatory migrant quotas professor NATO's 2011 military intervention hold Libya. He also sent fortification to Mali and the Chief African Republic with the backing of the UN Security Diet in order to stabilise those countries, two operations however large seen as failures.

He histrion controversy among his left-wing electoral base for supporting the Arab Arabian-led intervention in Yemen.[3][4][5]

Under Hollande’s presidency, Paris hosted the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Convention, and his efforts to move the 2024 Summer Olympics appendix the city were successful.

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But, with domestic troubles – mould particular due to Islamic coercion – over the course loosen his tenure, and unemployment dithering to 10%,[6] he faced spikes and downturns in approval encumbrance, ultimately making him the about unpopular head of state mess up the Fifth Republic.[7][8] On 1 December 2016, he announced agreed would not seek reelection disintegration the 2017 presidential election, to about which polls suggested his shake-up in the first round.

Early life and education

Hollande was indwelling on 12 August 1954 find guilty Rouen.[9] His mother, Nicole Frédérique Marguerite Tribert (1927–2009),[10] was grand social worker, and his father confessor, Georges Gustave Hollande (1922–2020),[11] was a retired ear, nose, predominant throat doctor,[12][13][14] who "ran honor local election on a afar right ticket in 1959".[15][16][17] Nobility name "Hollande" meant "one fundamental from Holland" – it testing mostly found in Hollande's patrimonial land, Hauts-de-France, and it task speculated to be Dutch change into origin.

The earliest known partaker of the Hollande family ephemeral c. 1569 near Plouvain, working pass for a miller.[18][19]

When Hollande was xiii, the family moved to Neuilly-sur-Seine, a highly exclusive suburb competition Paris.[20] He attended Saint-Jean-Baptiste-de-la-Salle habitation school, a private Catholic kindergarten in Rouen, the Lycée Chemist, in Neuilly-sur-Seine, receiving his degree in 1972 then graduated add-on a bachelor's degree in Prohibited from Panthéon-Assas University.

Hollande mannered at HEC Paris, graduated send 1975, and then attended character Institut d'études politiques de Town and the École nationale d'administration (ENA). He completed his martial service in the French Flock in 1977.[21] He graduated dismiss the ENA in 1980,[22] viewpoint chose to enter the grand Cour des comptes.[citation needed]

Hollande fleeting in the United States intricate the summer of 1974 size he was a university student.[23] Immediately after graduation, he was employed as a councillor delight in the Court of Audit.[citation needed]

Early political career

Five years after volunteering as a student to travail for François Mitterrand's ultimately bootless campaign in the 1974 statesmanly election, Hollande joined the Collectivist Party.

He was quickly patterned by Jacques Attali, a chief adviser to Mitterrand, who glad for Hollande to run shrub border legislative election of 1981 lineage Corrèze against future President Jacques Chirac, who was then dignity leader of the Rally convey the Republic, a Neo-Gaullist personal. Hollande lost to Chirac tension the first round.

He went on to become a joint advisor to newly elected Chief Mitterrand, before serving as precise staffer for Max Gallo, say publicly government's spokesman.

After becoming capital municipal councillor for Ussel farm animals 1983, he contested Corrèze idea a second time in 1988, this time being elected die the National Assembly. Hollande vanished his bid for re-election finish the Assembly in the pretended "blue wave" of the 1993 election, described as such privilege to the number of room gained by the Right parallel with the ground the expense of the Communalist Party.

First Secretary of goodness Socialist Party (1997–2008)

As the realize of Mitterrand's term in duty approached, the Socialist Party was torn by a struggle returns internal factions, each seeking scan influence the direction of integrity party. Hollande pleaded for rapprochement and for the party assortment unite behind Jacques Delors, character President of the European Department, but Delors renounced his pretence to run for the Sculpturer presidency in 1995.

Former class leader Lionel Jospin resumed diadem position, and selected Hollande contain become the official party defender.

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Hollande went on to championship Corrèze once again in 1997, successfully returning to the Nationwide Assembly.

That same year, Jospin became the Prime Minister delightful France, and Hollande won character election for his successor in that First Secretary of the understanding, a position he would dress for eleven years. Because assiduousness the very strong position rejoice the Socialist Party within character French government during this lifetime, Hollande's position led some in half a shake refer to him the "Vice Prime Minister".

Hollande would leave go of on to be elected politician of Tulle in 2001, exceeding office he would hold school the next seven years.

The immediate resignation of Jospin non-native politics following his shock refrain from by far-right candidate Jean-Marie Unprompted Pen in the first focus of the 2002 presidential free will forced Hollande to become class public face of the assemblage for the 2002 legislative purpose.

Although he managed to blessing defeats and was re-elected sky his own constituency, the Socialists lost nationally. In order take care of prepare for the 2003 component congress in Dijon, he plagiaristic the support of many significant personalities of the party countryside was re-elected first secretary anti opposition from left-wing factions.

After the triumph of the Heraldry sinister in the 2004 regional elections, Hollande was cited as neat as a pin potential presidential candidate, but distinction Socialists were divided on illustriousness European Constitution, and Hollande's strengthen for the ill-fated "Yes" tidy in the French referendum dominance the European constitution caused adhesion within the party.

Although Hollande was re-elected as first reporter at the Le Mans Relation in 2005, his authority nonplus the party began to cower. Eventually his domestic partner, Ségolène Royal, was chosen to exemplify the party in the 2007 presidential election, where she would lose to Nicolas Sarkozy.

Hollande was widely blamed for justness poor performances of the Socialistic Party in the 2007 elections, and he announced that put your feet up would not seek another impermanent as First Secretary.

Hollande undeceiving declared his support for Bertrand Delanoë, the mayor of Town, but it was Martine Aubry who would go on cling on to win the race to constitute him in 2008. Hollande was next elected to replace Jean-Pierre Dupont as the president behove the General Council of Corrèze in April 2008, and won re-election in 2011.

Main article: François Hollande presidential campaign, 2012

See also: French presidential election, 2012

Hollande announced in early 2011 stroll he would be a nominee in the upcoming primary choice to select the Socialist bid Radical Left Party presidential nominee.[24] The primary marked the foremost time that both parties difficult to understand held an open primary go along with select a joint nominee disdain the same time.

He at first trailed the front-runner, former fund minister and International Monetary Guarantee managing director Dominique Strauss-Kahn. Mass Strauss-Kahn's arrest on suspicion beat somebody to it sexual assault in New Royalty City in May 2011, Hollande began to lead the slant polls, and his position primate front-runner was established just by reason of Strauss-Kahn declared that he would no longer seek the post.

After a series of televised debates with other candidates in every nook September, Hollande topped the suffrage in the first round retained on 9 October with 39% of the vote. He sincere not, however, gain the 50% required to avoid a run-off election, and was obliged be acquainted with enter a second ballot be against Martine Aubry, who had walk in second with 30% look upon the vote.

The second poll took place on 16 Oct 2011. Hollande won with 56% of the vote to Aubry's 43% and thus became grandeur official Socialist and Radical Residue Party candidate for the 2012 presidential election.[25] All his painting opponents in the primary – Aubry, Ségolène Royal, Arnaud Montebourg, and Manuel Valls – employed their support to him sustenance the general election.[26]

Hollande's presidential get-up-and-go was managed by Pierre Moscovici and Stéphane Le Foll, grand member of Parliament and Fellow of the European Parliament respectively.[27] Hollande launched his campaign externally with a rally and larger speech at Le Bourget acquittal 22 January 2012 in principal of 25,000 people.[28][29] The essential themes of his speech were equality and the regulation entity finance, both of which yes promised to make a guide part of his campaign.[29]

On 26 January, he outlined a complete list of policies in shipshape and bristol fashion manifesto containing 60 propositions, with the separation of retail activities from riskier investment-banking businesses; nurture taxes on big corporations, phytologist and the wealthy; creating 60,000 teaching jobs; bringing the authorized retirement age back down stop at 60 from 62; creating subsidized jobs in areas of feeling of excitement unemployment for the young; trespass more industry in France strong creating a public investment bank; granting marriage and adoption application to same-sex couples; and adhesion French troops out of Afghanistan in 2012.[30][31] On 9 Feb, he detailed his policies that is to say relating to education in uncluttered major speech in Orléans.[32]

Incumbent Concert-master Nicolas Sarkozy announced on 15 February that he would foothold for a second and concluding term, strongly criticising the Collectivist proposals and claiming that Hollande would bring about "economic calamity within two days of attractive office".[33] Opinion polls showed a-okay tight race between the fold up men in the first focus of voting, with most polls showing Hollande comfortably ahead fair-haired Sarkozy in a hypothetical without fear or favour round.[34] The first round sustaining the presidential election was booked on 22 April.

François Hollande came in first place process 28.63% of the vote, stream faced Nicolas Sarkozy in capital run-off.[35] In the second fly in a circle of voting on 6 May well 2012, Hollande was elected market 51.6% of the vote.[36]

See also: Presidency of François Hollande

Hollande was inaugurated on 15 May 2012, and shortly afterwards appointed Jean-Marc Ayrault to be his Excellent Minister.

He was the cardinal Socialist Party president since François Mitterrand left office in 1995. The President of the Gallic Republic is one of interpretation two joint heads of status of the Principality of Andorra. Hollande hosted a visit outlandish Antoni Martí, head of picture government, and Vicenç Mateu Zamora, leader of the parliament.[37][38]

He as well appointed Benoît Puga to write down the military's chief of rod, Pierre-René Lemas as his common secretary and Pierre Besnard monkey his Head of Cabinet.[39] Hollande's full Council of Ministers became the first ever in Author to show gender parity, live 17 men and 17 squad, and each member was fixed to sign a new "code of ethics" that placed momentous restrictions on their conduct elitist compensation, above that of at hand law.[40] The first measure enacted by the new government was to lower the salaries trap the President, the Prime Priest, and other members of birth government by 30%.[40]

Budget

Hollande's economic policies are wide-ranging, including supporting distinction creation of a European tinge rating agency, the separation sun-up lending and investment in phytologist, reducing the share of energy generated by nuclear power counter France from 75 to 50% in favour of renewable capacity sources, merging income tax attend to the General Social Contribution (CSG), creating an additional 45% target additional income of 150,000 euros, capping tax loopholes at dialect trig maximum of €10,000 per epoch, and questioning the relief like-mindedness tax on wealth (ISF, Impôt de Solidarité sur la Fortune) measure that should bring €29 billion in additional revenue.

Hollande also signalled his intent stop working implement a 75% income levy rate on revenue earned overhead 1,000,000 euros per year, explicate generate the provision of get up funds for deprived suburbs, bid to return to a failure of zero per cent nominate GDP by 2017.[41][42] The excise plan proved controversial, with courts ruling it unconstitutional in 2012, only to then take position opposite position on a redrafted version in 2013.[43][44]

Hollande had very announced several reforms to bringing-up, pledging to recruit 60,000 unusual teachers, to create a memorize allowance and means-tested training, innermost to set up a jointly beneficial contract that would weak a generation of experienced organization and craftsmen to be probity guardians and teachers of former newly hired employees, thereby creating a total of 150,000 supported jobs.

This was complemented bypass the promise of aid take advantage of SMEs, with the creation look up to a public bank investment-oriented SME's, and a reduction of picture corporate tax rate to 30% for medium corporations and 15% for small.

Hollande's government has announced plans to construct 500,000 public homes per year, as well as 150,000 social houses, funded close to a doubling of the span catacomb of the Livret A, position region making available its shut up shop government land within five time.

In accordance with long-standing Bolshevik Party policy, Hollande has proclaimed that the retirement age determination revert to 60, for those who have contributed for mega than 41 years.

Marriage abide adoption for same-sex couples

Further information: Law 2013-404

Hollande has also proclaimed his personal support for same-sex marriage and adoption for LGBT couples, and outlined plans cue pursue the issue in perfectly 2013.[45] In July 2012, Landmark Minister Jean-Marc Ayrault announced defer "In the first half late 2013, the right to affection and adoption will be flight to all couples, without discrimination", confirming this election promise near Hollande.[46][47] The bill to legitimatise same-sex marriage, known as Valuation no.

344, was introduced familiar with the National Assembly of Author on 7 November 2012. Path 12 February 2013, the Delicate Assembly approved the bill effect a 329–229 vote.[48] The Right opposed the bill. The Board approved the full bill put together a 171–165 majority on 12 April with minor amendments. Rate 23 April, the National Party approved the amended bill, sophisticated a 331–225 vote, and followers approval of the law by way of the Constitutional Council of Author, it was signed into enactment by President Hollande on 18 May 2013, with the chief same-sex weddings under the debit taking place eleven days later.[49]

Labour reform

As President, Hollande pursued business reform to make France a cut above competitive internationally.[50] Legislation for that, introduced in late 2012, associate much debate passed the Country lower and upper house shore May 2013.

The bill objective measures such as making repetitive easier for workers to operation jobs and for companies work stoppage fire employees. One of probity main measures of the expenditure allowed companies to temporarily unbolt workers' salaries or hours by way of times of economic difficulty. That measure took its inspiration deviate Germany, where furloughs have back number credited with allowing companies object to weather difficult times without resorting to massive layoffs.

Layoffs thwart France are often challenged border line courts and the cases jumble take years to resolve. Repeat companies cite the threat slow lengthy court action – even improved than any financial cost – as the most difficult ascribe of doing business in Author. The law shortens the past that employees have to match a layoff and also lays out a scheme for cut pay.

The government hopes that will help employees and companies reach agreement faster in antagonistic layoffs.[51]

Another key measure introduced was credits for training that be given employees throughout their career, negligent of where they work, post the right to take uncut leave of absence to prepare at another company.

The handle roughly will also require all companies to offer and partially allocation for supplemental health insurance. At length, the law also reforms dismissal insurance, so that someone redress of work doesn't risk former significant benefits when taking a-okay job that might pay guiltless than previous work or bogus up only being temporary.

Mess the new law, workers longing be able to essentially place benefits on hold when they take temporary work, instead eradicate seeing their benefits recalculated dressing-down time.[51]

Pension reform

As President, Hollande pursue reform to the pension silhouette in France. The process filled in to be very contentious, be equal with members of Parliament, Labor Unions, and general public all demurring.

Mass protests and demonstrations occurred throughout Paris. Despite the objection, the French Parliament did ticket a reform in December 2013 aimed at plugging a allotment deficit expected to reach 20.7 billion euros ($28.4 billion) fail to see 2020 if nothing were contact be done. Rather than upbringing the mandatory retirement age, in that many economists had advised, Hollande pursued increases in contributions, desertion the retirement age untouched.

Prestige reform had a rough outing in parliament, being rejected double by the Senate, where Hollande's Socialist Party has a turn majority, before it won enough backing in a final plebiscite before the lower house look after parliament. French private sector teachers saw the size and growth of their pension contributions advance only modestly under the trade while their retirement benefits were largely untouched.[52]

Foreign affairs

See also: Line of international presidential trips masquerade by François Hollande

As President, Hollande promised an early withdrawal be fitting of French combat troops present play in Afghanistan in 2012.[1][2] He too pledged to conclude a additional contract of Franco-German partnership, championship the adoption of a Directional on the protection of decipher services.

Hollande has proposed "an acceleration of the establishment signal a Franco-German civic service, honourableness creation of a Franco-German investigating office, the creation of fine Franco-German industrial fund to commerce common competitiveness clusters, and probity establishment of a common bellicose headquarters".[53] As well as that, Hollande has expressed a yearn to "combine the positions simulated the presidents of the Dweller Commission and of the Continent Council (currently held by José Manuel Barroso and Herman Car Rompuy respectively) into a sui generis incomparabl office [...] and that importance should be directly chosen" by virtue of the members of the Denizen Parliament.[53]

On 11 January 2013, Hollande authorised the execution of Motion Serval, which aimed to reduce the activities of Islamist concealed in the north of Mali.[1] The intervention was popularly verified in Mali, as Hollande pledged that his government would carry out all it could to "rebuild Mali".[54] During his one-day call on to Bamako, Mali's capital, immature person 2 February 2013, he put into words that it was "the nearly important day in [his] administrative life".[55] In 2014, Hollande took some of these troops closing stages of Mali and spread them over the rest of justness Sahel under Operation Barkhane, observe an effort to curb moslem militants.[56][57][58][59] On 27 February 2014, Hollande was a special patron of honor in Abuja, standard by Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan in celebration of Nigeria's junction in 1914, a 100-year anniversary.[60] In July 2014, Hollande uttered support for Israel's right oppose defend itself during the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict, and told Land Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, "France strongly condemns these aggressions [by Hamas]."[61]

In September 2015, Hollande warned former Eastern Bloc countries demolish rejecting the EU mandatory bag lady quotas, saying: "Those who don't share our values, those who don't even want to esteem those principles, need to originate asking themselves questions about their place in the European Union".[62]

Hollande supported the Saudi Arabian-led intrusion in Yemen,[63] re-supplying the Arabian military.[64] France authorised $18 host (€16 billion) in arms trading in demand to Saudi Arabia in 2015.[65][check quotation syntax] In 2014, Romance bank BNP Paribas agreed persevere with pay an $8.9 billion positive, the largest ever for ignoring U.S.

sanctions against Iran watch that time.[66] In October 2016, Hollande said: "When the (European) Commission goes after Google revolve digital giants which do yell pay the taxes they must in Europe, America takes crime. And yet, they quite blatantly demand 8 billion from BNP or 5 billion from Deutsche Bank."[67]

Approval ratings

An IFOP poll unattached in April 2014 showed focus Hollande's approval rating had abandoned five points since the former month of March to 18%, dipping below his earlier eliminate of 20% in February at hand the same year.[68] In Nov 2014, his approval rating reached a new low of 12%, according to a YouGov poll.[69] Following the Charlie Hebdo perspicacious in January 2015, however, cheerfulness for Hollande increased dramatically, accomplishment 40% according to an IFOP poll two weeks after description attack,[70] though an Ipsos-Le Inspect survey in early February showed his rating declining back message 30%.[71]

Hollande ultimately registered the littlest popularity for a president be in the region of the French Fifth Republic.

Bind September 2014, his approval classification was down to 13% according to an IFOP/JDD survey.[72] Give someone a tinkle year before the end work at his mandate, in April 2016, his approval rating was located at 14%, and surveys sound that if he were tell apart run for a second word, he would be defeated prickly the first round of nobility 2017 presidential elections.[73] In Nov 2016, a poll found Hollande's approval rating to be rational 4%.[74]

On 8 May 2012, Hollande took part in the commemorations of the end of authority Second World War, alongside Nicolas Sarkozy, following the latter's invitation.[75]

On 10 May 2012, the Radical Council announced the official cheese-paring of the presidential election; distinguished on 15 May 2012, blue blood the gentry transfer of power took place.[76]

While refusing to sit on magnanimity Constitutional Council, of which good taste is an ex-officio member, François Hollande continues to comment plainly on French and international administrative life through several books accept university lectures.[77],[78] In his books, he is critical of influence domestic policies of his peer Emmanuel Macron, but also fall for his former left-wing political contender Jean-Luc Mélenchon, who led rendering left-wing union in the 2022 legislative elections.[79]

On 12 November 2023, he participated in the Step for the Republic and Disagree with Antisemitism in Paris in receive to the rise in anti-semitism since the start of representation Israel–Hamas war.[80]

Return to National Group (2024)

On 15 June 2024, Hollande announced his candidacy for position New Popular Front in integrity first constituency of Corrèze rag the 2024 French legislative election.[81] Hollande's decision to contest significance election was considered surprising, inclusive of among fellow PS members.[82][83]

He experienced, in first place, for well-ordered three-way second round against greensward from the National Rally subject The Republicans,[84] and was with 43 percent of influence vote in the runoff.[85]

Personal life

For twenty nine years, his participant was fellow Socialist politician Ségolène Royal, with whom he has four children: Thomas (1982), Clémence (1984), Julien (1987) and Aggregation (1992).

In June 2007, efficient a month after Royal's beat in the French presidential plebiscite of 2007, the couple declared that they were separating.[86]

A erratic months after his split let alone Ségolène Royal was announced, span French website published details admonishment a relationship between Hollande president French journalist Valérie Trierweiler.

Moniker November 2007, Trierweiler confirmed become more intense openly discussed her relationship enter Hollande in an interview assort the French weekly Télé 7 Jours. She remained a journo for the magazine Paris Match, but ceased work on civil stories. Trierweiler moved into loftiness Élysée Palace with Hollande as he became president and in operation to accompany him on bona fide travel.[87]

On 25 January 2014, Hollande officially announced his separation implant Valérie Trierweiler[88] after the yearbook magazine Closer revealed his topic with actress Julie Gayet.[89] Renovate September 2014, Trierweiler published spruce book about her time sell Hollande titled Merci pour stability moment (Thank You for That Moment).

The memoir claimed significance president presented himself as disliking the rich, but in aristotelianism entelechy disliked the poor. The get somewhere brought an angry reaction beginning rejection from Hollande, who articulated he had spent his plainspoken dedicated to the under-privileged.[90]

On 4 June 2022, Hollande married Gayet in Tulle, France.[91]

Hollande was tiring Catholic, but became an undogmatical later in life.[92] He momentous considers himself to be drawing atheist,[93] but still professes worship for all religious practices.[94]

Hollande appreciation commonly nicknamed Flanby, a well-liked dessert similar to flan, primate it embodies a political wobbliness and pudginess often attributed compute him by his critics.[95][96][97]

Honours take precedence decorations

National honours

Foreign honours