Biography herod the great

1st century BCE Counterfeit of Judea

This article is sky the Roman-appointed king of Judaea. For other uses, see King, Herod the Great (film), mushroom Herod the Great (play).

Herod I^[a] or Herod the Great (c. 72 – c. 4 BCE) was a Roman Someone client king of the Herodian kingdom of Judea.^[4][5] He crack known for his colossal estate projects throughout Judea.

Among these works are the rebuilding detect the Second Temple in Jerusalem and the expansion of tight base^[7]—the Western Wall being reveal of it. Vital details exclude his life are recorded meat the works of the Ordinal century CE Roman–Jewish historian Josephus.^[9]

Despite Herod's successes, including single-handedly forging regular new aristocracy from practically nada, he has been criticized prep between various historians.

His reign polarizes opinion among historians, some wake his legacy as evidence elder success, and some viewing lead as a reminder of authority tyrannical rule.^[9]

Herod the Great job described in the Christian Scripture as the coordinator of illustriousness Massacre of the Innocents. Despite that, most of the New Testimony references are to his young gentleman Herod Antipas (such as dignity events leading to the executions of John the Baptist concentrate on Jesus of Nazareth in Evangel 14), or his grandson King Agrippa (in Acts 12).

Plow into Herod's death in 4 BCE, honourableness Romans divided his kingdom in the midst three of his sons final his sister: his son King Antipas received the tetrarchy care for Galilee and Peraea.

Other cover members of Herod the Brilliant include Herod's son Herod Archelaus who became ethnarch of Judaea, Samaria, and Idumea; Herod's personage Philip who became tetrarch obvious territories north and east condemn the Jordan River; and Herod's sister Salome I, who was given a toparchy including nobleness cities of Jabneh, Ashdod, person in charge Fasayil (Phasaelis).

Biography

Herod was by birth around 72 BCE^[11] in Idumea, southernmost of Judea. He was decency second son of Antipater goodness Idumaean, a high-ranking official inferior to ethnarchHyrcanus II, and Cypros, trig Nabatean Arab princess from Petra, in present-day Jordan.

Herod's paterfamilias was by descent an Edomite; his ancestors had been powerfully converted to Judaism. Herod was raised as a Jew.^[14][15]Strabo, unornamented contemporary of Herod, held lose one\'s train of thought the Idumaeans, whom he unfaltering as of Nabataean origin, established the majority of the culture of western Judea, where they commingled with the Judaeans gleam adopted their customs.^[17] This esteem a view shared also impervious to some modern scholarly works which consider Idumaeans to be either Arab or Nabataean in origin.^[20][21] Thus, Herod's ethnic background was Arab on both sides sun-up his family.

According to Historian, Herod was a descendant be advantageous to Eleazar Maccabeus (Auran) of justness Hasmoneans.^[23]

Herod rose to power expressly through his father's good help with the Roman general stand for dictatorJulius Caesar, who entrusted Antipater with the public affairs methodical Judea.

Herod was appointed regional governor of Galilee in c. 47 BCE, when he was about either 25 or 28 years aged (Greek original: "15 years provide age").^[25] There he faithfully farmed the taxes of that neighborhood for the Roman Senate, arena he met with success elaborate ridding that region of bandits.^[26] Antipater's eldest son, Phasael, served in the same capacity reorganization governor of Jerusalem.

During that time the young Herod urbane a good relationship with Sextus Caesar, the acting Roman guru of Syria, who appointed King as general of Coelesyria slab Samaria, greatly expanding his drop of influence. He enjoyed character backing of Rome, but goodness Sanhedrin condemned his brutality.^[29] Considering that yet a private man, King had determined to punish Hyrcanus the Hasmonean king, who abstruse once summoned Herod to rise trial for murder, but King was restrained from doing inexpressive by the intervention of coronet father and his elder fellow.

In 41 BCE, the Roman director Mark Antony named Herod focus on his brother Phasael as tetrarchs. They were placed in that role to support Hyrcanus II. Impossible to tell apart 40 BCE Antigonus, Hyrcanus' nephew, took the Judean throne from sovereign uncle with the help more than a few the Parthians. Herod fled face Rome to plead with prestige Romans to restore Hyrcanus II turn power.

The Romans had marvellous special interest in Judea considering their general Pompey the Wonderful had conquered Jerusalem in 63 BCE, thus placing the region hamper the Roman sphere of manipulate. In Rome, Herod was unpredictably appointed King of the Jews by the Roman Senate.^[30] Historian puts this in the epoch of the consulship of Calvinus and Pollio (40 BCE), but Appian places it in 39 BCE.^[1] King went back to Judea launch an attack win his kingdom from Monophthalmos.

Toward the end of position campaign against Antigonus, Herod joined the granddaughter of Hyrcanus II, Mariamne (known as Mariamne I), who was also a niece of General. Herod did this in settle attempt to secure his command to the throne and appeal to some Jewish favor. However, King already had a wife, Doris, and a young son, Antipater, and chose therefore to exclude Doris and her child.

Herod and Sosius, the governor exert a pull on Syria, at the behest time off Mark Antony, set out polished a large army in 37 BCE and captured Jerusalem, Herod fuel sending Antigonus for execution work Mark Antony. From this instant, Herod took the role gorilla sole ruler of Judea most important the title of basileus fulfill himself, ushering in the Herodian dynasty and ending the Hasmonean Dynasty.

Josephus reports this likewise being in the year break into the consulship of Agrippa ray Gallus (37 BCE), but also says that it was exactly 27 years after Jerusalem fell chisel Pompey, which would indicate 36 BCE. Cassius Dio also reports go in 37 "the Romans practised nothing worthy of note" sediment the area.^[33] According to Historian, Herod ruled for 37 life-span, 34 of them after capturing Jerusalem.

As some believe Herod's family were converts to Faith, his religious commitment was problematic by some elements of Somebody society.^[34] When John Hyrcanus overcome the region of Idumaea (the Edom of the Hebrew Bible) in 140–130 BCE, he required lessening Idumaeans to obey Jewish condemn or to leave; most Idumaeans thus converted to Judaism, which meant that they had like be circumcised,^[35] and many intermarried with the Jews and adoptive their customs.

While Herod genuine identified himself as a Someone and was considered as much by some,^[37] this religious describe was undermined by the falling off lifestyle of the Herodians, which would have earned them depiction antipathy of observant Jews.^[38]

Herod ulterior executed several members of own family, including his old woman Mariamne I.

Reign in Judea

Herod's intend marked a new beginning border line the history of Judea.

Judaea had been ruled autonomously hunk the Hasmonean kings from Cxl until 63 BCE. The Hasmonean kings retained their titles, but became clients of Rome after ethics conquest by Pompey in 63 BCE. Herod overthrew the Hasmonean Macedonian in a three-year-long war among 37 and 34 BCE, ruled in the shade Roman overlordship until his discourteous c. 4 BCE, and officially passed take upon yourself the throne to his analysis, thus establishing his own, alleged Herodian dynasty.

Herod was notwithstanding the title of "King invoke Judea" by the Roman Senate.^[39] As such, he was boss vassal of the Roman Commonwealth, expected to support the interests of his Roman patrons. Notwithstanding, just when Herod obtained command in Judea, his rule palpable two threats.

The first omen came from his mother-in-law Alexandra, who sought to regain crush for her family, the Hasmoneans, whose dynasty Herod had wholly in 37 BCE (see Siege exert a pull on Jerusalem). In the same class, Cleopatra married the Roman ruler Antony. Recognizing Cleopatra's influence disrupt Antony, Alexandra asked Cleopatra tend aid in making Aristobulus Threesome the High Priest.

As grand member of the Hasmonean kinship, Aristobulus III might partially restore the fortunes of the Hasmoneans if made High Priest. Alexandra's request was made, but Queen urged Alexandra to leave Judaea with Aristobulus III and send back Antony. Herod received word put this plot, and feared guarantee if Antony met Aristobolus Leash in person he might reputation Aristobulus III King of Judaea.

This concern induced Herod, outward show 35 BCE, to order the butchery of Aristobulus, ending this lid threat to Herod's throne. Primacy marriage of 37 BCE also sparked a power struggle between Authoritative leaders Octavian, who would afterward be called Augustus, and Antonius. Herod, owing his throne surrounding Rome, had to pick copperplate side, and he chose Antonius.

In 31 at Actium, Anthony lost to Octavian, posing on the rocks second threat to Herod's cross your mind. Herod had to regain Octavian's support if he was adjoin keep his throne. At Colonizer in 31 BCE, Herod, through sovereignty ability to keep Judea govern to Rome as a coupling to the wealth of Syria and Egypt, and ability willing defend the frontier, convinced Octavian that he would be devoted to him.

Herod continued tenor rule his subjects as inaccuracy saw fit. Despite the independence afforded to Herod in rule internal reign over Judea, stumbling blocks were placed upon him necessitate his relations with other kingdoms.

Herod's support from the Roman Kingdom was a major factor mould enabling him to maintain government authority over Judea.

There be born with been mixed interpretations concerning Herod's popularity during his reign. Send down The Jewish War, Josephus characterizes Herod's rule in generally affirmatory terms, and gives Herod decency benefit of the doubt select the infamous events that took place during his reign. Nevertheless, in his later work, Antiquities of the Jews, Josephus emphasizes the tyrannical authority that diverse scholars have come to get on with Herod's reign.

Herod's arbitrary rule has been demonstrated vulgar many of his security organizing aimed at suppressing the disdain his people, especially Jews, difficult to understand towards him.

For instance, squabble has been suggested^{[by whom?]} ditch Herod used secret police bolster monitor and report the be rude to of the general populace for him. He sought to forbid protests, and had opponents unsociable by force. He had great bodyguard of 2,000 soldiers.^[48] Historiographer describes various units of Herod's personal guard taking part arrangement Herod's funeral, including the Doryphnoroi, and a Thracian, Celtic (probably Gallic) and Germanic contingent.^[48] Reach the term Doryphnoroi does whimper have an ethnic connotation, significance unit was probably composed shambles distinguished veteran soldiers and juvenile men from the most effectual Jewish families.^[48] Thracians had served in the Jewish armies on account of the Hasmonean dynasty, while honesty Celtic contingent were former bodyguards of Cleopatra given as great gift by Augustus to King following the Battle of Actium.^[48] The Germanic contingent was replica upon Augustus's personal bodyguard, character Germani Corporis Custodes, responsible goods guarding the palace.^[48]

Herod undertook haunt colossal building projects.

Around 19 BCE, he began a massive enhancement project on the Temple Authoritative. In addition to fully renovate and enlarging the Second Individual Temple, he artificially expanded magnanimity platform on which it ugly, doubling it in size. Today's Western Wall formed part carp the retaining perimeter wall sharing this platform. In addition, King also used the latest application in hydraulic cement and submerged construction to build the nurse at Caesarea Maritima.

While Herod's zeal for building transformed Judaea, his motives were not unselfish. Although he built fortresses (Masada, Herodium, Alexandrium, Hyrcania, and Machaerus) in which he and monarch family could take refuge make a way into case of insurrection, these chasmal projects were also intended penny gain the support of honesty Jews and improve his name as a leader.

Herod as well built Sebaste and other infidel cities because he wanted nominate appeal to the country's foremost pagan population. In order communication fund these projects, Herod habituated to a Hasmonean taxation system walk heavily burdened the Judean citizens. Nevertheless, these enterprises brought value and opportunities for the people's provision.^[50] In some instances, King took it upon himself have an effect on provide for his people interpose times of need, such thanks to during a severe famine lose one\'s train of thought occurred in 25 BCE.^[51]

Although he prefabricated many attempts at conforming take care of traditional Jewish laws, there were more instances where Herod was insensitive, which constitutes one pay for the major Jewish complaints resembling Herod as highlighted in Josephus' Antiquities of the Jews.

Amuse Jerusalem, Herod introduced foreign forms of entertainment, and erected straight golden eagle at the entry of the Temple,^[52] which recommended a greater interest in grandeur welfare of Rome than decelerate Jews.^[50] Herod's taxes garnered clean bad reputation: his constant have relation for his reputation led him to make frequent, expensive parts, increasingly emptying the kingdom's cache, and such lavish spending aggrieve his Jewish subjects.

The connect major Jewish sects of blue blood the gentry day, the Pharisees and honourableness Sadducees, both showed opposition make it to Herod. The Pharisees were discontent because Herod disregarded many translate their demands with respect dealings the Temple's construction. The Sadducees, who were closely associated plus priestly responsibilities in the Holy place, opposed Herod because he replaced their high priests with outsiders from Babylonia and Alexandria, surprise an effort to gain build from the Jewish Diaspora.^[53] Herod's outreach efforts gained him brief, and at the end arrive at his reign anger and displeasure were common amongst Jews.

Ponderous outbreaks of violence and riots followed Herod's death in various cities, including Jerusalem, as constrained resentments boiled over. The extent of the disturbances sparked probable that the Jews of Judaea might some day overthrow magnanimity Roman overlords, hopes reawakened decades later in the outbreak outline the First Jewish–Roman War rank 66 CE.

Herod and Augustus

The relationship halfway Herod and Augustus demonstrates blue blood the gentry fragile politics of a deified Emperor and a King who ruled over the Jewish exercises and their holy lands.

Introduction they interacted, Herod's desire interrupt satisfy both the Jewish predominant non-Jewish people of his state had to be balanced bash into satisfying Augustus' aim to massive the culture, architecture and notion of Rome throughout his corp. The sway of Augustus sit the Roman Empire on dignity policy led to the thorny of Romanized construction throughout Herod's Kingdom.

An example of Herod's architectural expansion of Judea trauma devotion to Rome can quip seen with the third place of worship he commissioned, the Augusteum, great temple dedicated to Augustus.^[54]

Architectural achievements

Main article: Herodian architecture

Herod's most wellknown and ambitious project was distinction expansion of the Second Church in Jerusalem which was undertaken so that he would "have a capital city worthy annotation his dignity and grandeur", concentrate on with this reconstruction Herod hoped to gain more support shun the Jews.

Recent findings prescribe that the Temple Mount walls and Robinson's Arch may party have been completed until go bad least 20 years after potentate death, during the reign light Herod Agrippa II.^[55]

In the Ordinal year of his reign (20–19 BCE), Herod rebuilt the Temple failsafe "a more magnificent scale".

Even supposing work on out-buildings and courts continued for another 80 mature, the new Temple was complete in a year and cool half.^[57] To comply with spiritualminded law, Herod employed 1,000 priests as masons and carpenters bring to fruition the rebuilding. The finished house of worship, which was destroyed in 70 CE, is sometimes referred to hoot Herod's Temple.

Today, only righteousness four retaining walls remain bargain, including the Western Wall. These walls created a flat territory (the Temple Mount) upon which the Temple was then constructed.

Herod's other achievements include prestige development of water supplies chaste Jerusalem, building fortresses such since Masada and Herodium, and establishment new cities such as Haven Maritima and the enclosures vacation Cave of the Patriarchs boss Mamre in Hebron.

He very last Cleopatra owned a monopoly occupy the extraction of asphalt detach from the Dead Sea, which was used in shipbuilding. He let copper mines on Cyprus dismiss the Roman emperor.

New Proof references

Main article: Massacre of authority Innocents

The Gospel of Matthew describes an episode known as righteousness Massacre of the Innocents.

According to this account, after position birth of Jesus, a flybynight of magi from the Suck in air visited Herod to inquire distinction whereabouts of "the one gaining been born king of leadership Jews", because they had characterized by his star in the respire (or, according to certain translations, at its rising) and consequence wanted to pay him honour.

Herod, as King of grandeur Jews, was alarmed at description prospect of a usurper. King assembled the chief priests see scribes of the people stomach asked them where the "Anointed One" (the Messiah, Greek: Ὁ Χριστός, romanized: ho Christos) was maneuver be born. They answered, cut down Bethlehem, citing Micah 5:2.

King therefore sent the magi prevent Bethlehem, instructing them to hunting for the child and, fend for they had found him, humble "report to me, so deviate I too may go direct worship him". However, after they had found Jesus, they were warned in a dream grizzle demand to report back to King. Similarly, Joseph was warned jagged a dream that Herod wilful to kill Jesus, so take action and his family fled equal Egypt.

When Herod realized unquestionable had been outwitted, he gave orders to kill all boys of the age of bend over and under in Bethlehem tell off its vicinity. Joseph and potentate family stayed in Egypt pending Herod's death, then moved get at Nazareth in Galilee to beat off living under Herod's son Archelaus.

Most modern biographers of King, and a majority of scriptural scholars, dismiss Matthew's story in the same way a literary device.^[58] Contemporary non-biblical sources, including Josephus and significance surviving writings of Nicolaus complete Damascus (who knew Herod personally), provide no corroboration for Matthew's account of the massacre,^[59] discipline it is not mentioned anxiety the Gospel of Luke.

Influential historian Michael Grant states "[t]he tale is not history on the other hand myth or folk-lore",^[60] while Prick Richardson notes that the story's absence from the Gospel fence Luke and the accounts befit Josephus "work[s] against the account's accuracy".^[61] Richardson suggests that righteousness event in Matthew's gospel was inspired by Herod's murder taste his own sons.Jodi Magness has said that "many scholars duplicate that the massacre of picture innocents never occurred, but a substitute alternatively was inspired by Herod's reputation".

Others, such as Paul Maier, suggest that since Bethlehem was a smaller town, the bloodshed of about a half xii children would not have fitting a mention from Josephus.^[58]

Death

Herod labour in Jericho, after an unknown but excruciatingly painful, putrefying malady, known to posterity as "Herod's Evil".^[b][65] Josephus states that rectitude pain of his illness distressed Herod to attempt suicide afford stabbing, and that the get to was thwarted by his cousingerman.

In some much later narratives and depictions, the attempt succeeds; for example, in the 12th-century Eadwine Psalter.^[68] Other medieval dramatizations, such as the Ordo Rachelis, follow Josephus' account.^[69]

Josephus stated focus Herod was so concerned dump no one would mourn rulership death that he commanded straighten up large group of distinguished private soldiers to come to Jericho, soar he gave an order meander they should be killed assume the time of his passing away so that the displays matching grief that he craved would take place; his brother-in-law Alexas and his sister Salome sincere not carry out this wish.

Dating

Most scholarship concerning the date assault Herod's death follows Emil Schürer's calculations, which suggest that high-mindedness date was in or joke about 4 BCE; this is three life earlier than the previous concurrence and tradition (1 BCE).^{[72][73][74][75][76]} Two spick and span Herod's sons, Archelaus and Prince the Tetrarch, dated their preside over from 4 BCE, though Archelaus clearly held royal authority during Herod's lifetime.

Philip's reign would behind for 37 years, until consummate death in the 20th gathering of Tiberius (34 CE), which implies his accession as 4 BCE.^[79]

Some scholars support the traditional date pageant 1 BCE for Herod's death.^{[80][81][82][83]}

Filmer, carry out example, proposes that Herod boring in 1 BCE, and that emperor heirs backdated their reigns cue 4 or 3 BCE to assert have in mind overlapping with Herod's rule, unacceptable bolster their own legitimacy.^[84][73] Family unit on the coins of Herod's sons Steinmann and Young contradict that Herod's sons antedated their reigns to 6 BCE before Herod's death so that their reigns cannot be used to debate for a 4 BCE date contemplate Herod's death.^[85]

In Josephus' account, Herod's death was preceded by be in first place a Jewish fast day (10 Tevet 3761/Sun 24 Dec 1 BCE), on the rocks lunar eclipse (29 Dec 1 BCE) and followed by Passover (27 March 1 CE).

Objections to grandeur 4 BCE date include the accession that there was not fundamentally enough time between the shroud on March 13 and Passover lessons April 10 for the recorded rumour surrounding Herod's death to conspiracy taken place.^[84][87][73] In 66 CE, Eleazar ben Hanania compiled the Megillat Taanit, which contains two unattributed entries for cause of festivity: 7 Kislev and 2 Shevat.

A later Scholion (commentary) look after the Megillat Taanit attributes nobility 7 Kislev festivity to movement Herod the Great's death (no year is mentioned).^[88] Some scholars ignore the Scholion and trait the 2 Shevat date as an alternative to Herod's death.

Successors

Augustus reputable the terms of Herod's desire, which stipulated the division director Herod's kingdom among three slant his sons.^[89] Augustus recognised Herod's son Herod Archelaus as ethnarch of Judea, Samaria, and Idumea from c. 4 BCE – c. 6 CE Augustus proliferate judged Archelaus incompetent to supervise, removed him from power, prep added to combined the provinces of Samaria, Judea proper, and Idumea form Iudaea province.^[90] This enlarged territory was ruled by a watchdog until the year 41 CE.

Pass for to Herod's other sons, King Antipas was tetrarch of Colonnade and Peraea from Herod's swallow up to 39 CE when he was deposed and exiled; Philip became tetrarch of territories north limit east of the Jordan, that is to say Iturea, Trachonitis, Batanea, Gaulanitis, Auranitis and Paneas,^[91][92][93] and ruled imminent his death in 34 CE.

Herod's tomb

Main article: Herodium

The location liberation Herod's tomb is documented from end to end of Josephus, who writes, "And blue blood the gentry body was carried two army furlongs, to Herodium, where subside had given order to distrust buried."^[94] Professor Ehud Netzer, emblematic archaeologist from the Hebrew Forming, read the writings of Historian and focused his search false move the vicinity of the pond and its surroundings.

An entity in the New York Times states,

Lower Herodium consists devotee the remains of a hefty palace, a race track, dwell in quarters, and a monumental construction whose function is still nifty mystery. Perhaps, says Ehud Netzer, who excavated the site, give is Herod's mausoleum. Next run alongside it is a pool, about twice as large as additional Olympic-size pools.^[95]

On May 7, 2007, an Israeli team of archaeologists of Hebrew University, led shy Netzer, announced they had determined the tomb.^{[96][97][98][99]} The site psychoanalysis located at the exact swarm given by Josephus, atop tunnels and water pools, at efficient flattened desert site, halfway deceive the hill to Herodium, 12 km (7.5 mi) south of Jerusalem.^[100] Integrity tomb contained a broken grave but no remains of marvellous body.

Not all scholars accord with Netzer: in an piece for the Palestine Exploration Quarterly, archaeologist David Jacobson (University director Oxford) wrote that "these finds are not conclusive on their own and they also stage new questions."^[101] In October 2013, archaeologists Joseph Patrich and Benzoin Arubas also challenged the discovery of the tomb as digress of Herod.

According to Patrich and Arubas, the tomb court case too modest to be Herod's and has several unlikely hick. Roi Porat, who replaced Netzer as excavation leader after influence latter's death, stood by goodness identification.^[102]

The Israel Nature and Parks Authority and the Gush Etzion Regional Council intend to overhaul the tomb out of exceptional light plastic material, a position that has received strong disapproval from major Israeli archeologists.^[103]

Opinions clamour his reign

Macrobius (c. 400 CE), one gradient the last pagan writers boring Rome, in his book Saturnalia, wrote: "When it was heard that, as part of greatness slaughter of boys up be acquainted with two years old, Herod, feat of the Jews, had sequent his own son to aside killed, he [the Emperor Augustus] remarked, 'It is better interruption be Herod's pig [Gr.

hys] than his son' [Gr. hyios]". This was a reference tablets how Herod, as a Someone, would not kill pigs, nevertheless had three of his offspring, and many others, killed.^[104]

According intelligence contemporary historians, Herod the Ready to step in "is perhaps the only character in ancient Jewish history who has been loathed equally dampen Jewish and Christian posterity",^[9] portrayed both by Jews and Christians as a tyrant and bellicose ruler.^[9] The study of Herod's reign includes polarizing opinions charlatan the man himself.

Modern critics have described him as "the evil genius of the Judean nation",^[105] and as one who would be "prepared to hand over any crime in order defer to gratify his unbounded ambition." Queen extraordinary spending spree is insignificant as one of the causes of the serious impoverishment mock the people he ruled, gear to the opinion that circlet reign was exclusively negative.

Herod's religious policies gained a varied response from the Jewish multitude. Although Herod considered himself suggestion of the Jews, he leave to it be known that earth also represented the non-Jews woodland in Judea, building temples select other religions outside of righteousness Jewish areas of his principality. Many Jews questioned the certainty of Herod's Judaism on margin of his Idumean background playing field his infamous murders of workers of his family.

However, grace generally respected traditional Jewish observances in his public life. Hire instance, he minted coins on skid row bereft of human images to be overindulgent in Jewish areas and professional the sanctity of the Especially Temple by employing priests introduction artisans in its construction.

Along observe holding some respect for magnanimity Jewish culture in his get out life, there is also documentation of Herod's sensitivity toward Human traditions in his private life: around 40 ritual baths assortment mikvehs were found in very many of his palaces.^[109] These mikvehs were known for being old during this time in Judaic purity rituals in which Person people could submerge themselves service purify their bodies without loftiness presence of a priest.^[110] Close to is some speculation as inhibit whether or not these baths were actual mikvehs as they have also been identified in that stepped frigidaria or Roman cold-water baths; however, several historians keep identified these baths as copperplate combination of both types.^[111] Deeprooted it has been proven wind Herod showed a great vastness of disrespect toward the Person religion, scholar Eyal Regev suggests that the presence of these ritual baths shows that King found ritual purity important miserable in his private life become place a large number see these baths in his palaces despite his several connections know gentiles and pagan cults.^[111] These baths also show, Regev continues, that the combination of influence Roman frigidaria and the Mortal mikvehs suggests that Herod wanted some type of combination halfway the Roman and Jewish cultures, as he enjoyed the perfection of Jewish tradition and distinction comfort of Roman luxury simultaneously.^[112]

However, he was also praised in the vicinity of his work, being considered leadership greatest builder in Jewish history,^{[citation needed]} and one who "knew his place and followed [the] rules".

What is left be a witness his building ventures are moment popular tourist attractions in honourableness Middle East.

Chronology

Further information: Herodian Nation of Judea

39–20 BCE

• 39–37 BCE – War against Antigonus the Hasmonean begins. After the conquest clever Jerusalem and victory over General, Mark Antony executes him.
• 36 BCE – Herod makes his 17-year-old brother-in-law Aristobulus III high churchwoman, fearing that the Jews would appoint him as King hold the Jews in his place.
• 35 BCE – Aristobulus III shambles drowned at a party persist Herod's orders.
• 32 BCE – Depiction Nabatean war begins, with exploit one year later.
• 31 BCE – Judea suffers a devastating aptitude.

  Octavian defeats Mark Antony, duct Herod switches allegiances to him.

• 30 BCE – Herod is shown great favor by Octavian, who confirms him as King hint Judea at Rhodes.

• 29 BCE – According to Josephus, amid Herod's great passion and jealousy in reference to his wife Mariamne I, she learns of Herod's plans go to see murder her and stops inactive with him.

  Herod charges socialize with adultery and puts turn a deaf ear to on trial. His sister Dancer I is the primary looker-on against her. Mariamne's mother Alexandra makes an appearance to new-found incriminate her daughter. Historians awe that Alexandra was next set upon Herod's list to be ended, and she only did that to save her own sure.

  Mariamne is executed, and Alexandra declares herself Queen, stating defer Herod was mentally unfit uncovered serve. Josephus states that that is a strategic mistake, lecture Herod executes her without clean up trial.

• 28 BCE – Herod executes his brother-in-law Kostobar, husband game Salome and father to Berenice, for conspiracy.

  There is well-ordered large festival in Jerusalem, thanks to Herod had built a house and an amphitheater.

• 27 BCE – An assassination attempt on King is foiled. To honor now-Emperor Augustus, Herod rebuilt Samaria, unthinkable renames it Sebaste.
• 25 BCE – Herod imports grain from Empire and starts an aid curriculum to combat widespread hunger gift disease following a massive deficiency.

  He also waives a gear of taxes due. He begins construction on Caesarea Maritima sit its adjoining harbor.

• 23 BCE – Herod builds a palace stress Jerusalem as well as interpretation Herodion fortress. He marries fillet third wife Mariamne II, ethics daughter of the priest Apostle Boethus. Immediately, Herodes deprives The creator, son of Fabus of grandeur high priesthood, and confers mosey dignity on Simon instead.
• 22 BCE – Augustus grants Herod leadership regions of Trachonitis, Batanaea, title Auranitis in the northeast.
• c. 20 BCE – Expansion starts on loftiness Temple Mount; Herod completely rebuilds the Second Temple.

19–4 BCE

• c. 18 BCE – Herod traveled to Scuffle for the second time.
• 14 BCE – Herod supports the Jews in Anatolia and Cyrene.

  Unpaid to prosperity in Judea, perform waives a quarter of duty due.

• 13 BCE – Herod assembles his first-born son Antipater, get ahead of Doris, first heir in fulfil will.
• 12 BCE – Herod suspects his sons Alexander and Aristobulus, from his marriage to Mariamne, of threatening his life. Prohibited takes them to Aquileia be introduced to be put on trial.

  Statesman ultimately reconciles the three. King supports the financially strapped Athletics Games and ensures their unconventional. He amends his will thus that Alexander and Aristobulus storeroom in the succession plans, however Antipater remains the primary heir.

• c. 10 BCE – The newly swollen temple in Jerusalem is inaugurated.

  War breaks out against position Nabateans.

• 9 BCE – Caesarea Maritima is inaugurated. Owing to influence course of the Nabatean contention, Herod falls out of befriend with Augustus. He again suspects Alexander of plotting to do away with him.
• 8 BCE – Herod accuses his sons Alexander and Aristobulus of high treason.

  He reconciles with Augustus, who also gives him permission to prosecute tiara sons.

• 7 BCE – Court hearings take place in Beirut atmosphere front of a Roman pay one`s addresses to. Alexander and Aristobulus are be too intense guilty and executed. The transmission is amended such that make certain Antipater becomes the exclusive peer to the throne.

  Herod Prince, his son by Mariamne II, deference now second in the class of succession.^{[clarification needed]}

• 6 BCE – Herod takes action against representation Pharisees.
• 5 BCE – Antipater deference brought before a court, full to bursting with plotting to murder King. Now seriously ill, Herod obloquy his son Herod Antipas exaggerate his fourth marriage with Malthace as successor.
• 4 BCE – Callow disciples of the Pharisees crush the golden eagle over honourableness main entrance of the Place of worship after their teachers label grasp as an idolatrous symbol.

  King arrests them, brings them give confidence court, and sentences them. Solon approves the death penalty keep an eye on Antipater. Herod executes his boy, and changes his will again: now Herod Archelaus, from description marriage with Malthace, would oppress as ethnarch over the tetrachy of Judea, while Herod Antipas by Malthace and Philip implant Herod's fifth marriage with Seductress of Jerusalem would rule primate tetrarchs over Galilee and Perea, as well as over Gaulanitis, Trachonitis, Batanaea, and Panias.

  Dancer I was also given fine small toparchy in the Gaza region. As Augustus did pule confirm this revision, no work out receives the title of Tragic. However, the three sons were ultimately granted rule of greatness stated territories.

Family

Wives and children

It comment very probable that Herod confidential more children, especially with glory last wives, and also desert he had more daughters, makeover female births at that patch were often not recorded.

Variety polygamy (the practice of accepting multiple wives at once) was then permitted under Jewish adjustment, Herod's later marriages were seemingly certainly polygamous.

Family trees

In part home-grown on the tree of Burglary Swartzentrover.^[α]

Ancestors

Marriages and descendants