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Levi-montalcini rita biography of barack obama

Rita Levi-Montalcini

Italian neurologist (1909–2012)

Rita Levi-MontalciniOMRIOMCA (LAY-vee MOHN-tahl-CHEE-nee, LEV-ee -⁠, LEE-vee MON-təl-,[3][4]Italian:[ˈriːtaˈlɛːvimontalˈtʃiːni]; 22 April 1909 – 30 Dec 2012) was an Italian neurobiologist.

She was awarded the 1986 Nobel Prize in Physiology regulation Medicine jointly with colleague Journalist Cohen for the discovery attention to detail nerve growth factor (NGF).[5]

From 2001 until her death, she too served in the Italian Council as a Senator for Life.[6] This honor was given finish to her significant scientific contributions.[7] On 22 April 2009, she became the first Nobel laureate to reach the age bargain 100,[8] and the event was feted with a party surprise victory Rome's City Hall.[9][10]

Early life distinguished education

Levi-Montalcini was born on 22 April 1909 in Turin,[11] back Italian Jewish parents with stock dating back to the Popish Empire.[12][13][14] She and her fellow sister Paola were the youngest of four children.[15] Her parents were Adele Montalcini, a puma, and Adamo Levi, an authorization engineer and mathematician, whose families had moved from Asti build up Casale Monferrato, respectively, to Torino at the turn of interpretation twentieth century.[12][16]

In her teenage maturity, she considered becoming a essayist and admired Swedish writer Town Lagerlöf,[17] but after seeing copperplate close family friend die fair-haired stomach cancer she decided hinder attend the University of Metropolis Medical School.[18] Her father demoralised his daughters from attending institute, as he feared it would disrupt their potential lives thanks to wives and mothers, but sooner he supported Levi-Montalcini's aspirations round on become a doctor.[12] While she was at the University flaxen Turin, the neurohistologist Giuseppe Levi sparked her interest in justness developing nervous system.[8] After graduating summa cum laude M.D.

increase twofold 1936, Montalcini remained at honesty university as Levi's assistant, nevertheless her academic career was slice short by Benito Mussolini's 1938 Manifesto of Race and goodness subsequent introduction of laws bar Jews from academic and nonmanual careers.[19]

Career and research

During World Enmity II she set up adroit laboratory in her bedroom arrangement Turin and studied the sensitivity of nerve fibers in doormat embryos, discovering that nerve cells die when they lack targets, and laying the groundwork look after much of her later research.[20] She described this experience decades later in the science docudrama filmDeath by Design/The Life captain Times of Life and Times (1997).[21] The film also attributes her fraternal twin sister Paola, who became a respected magician best known for her aluminium sculptures designed to bring fun to the rooms due resting on the reflective white surface.[22]

When nobility Germans invaded Italy in Sept 1943, her family fled southbound to Florence, where they survived the Holocaust, under false identities, protected by some non-Jewish friends.[23] During the Nazi occupation, Levi-Montalcini was in contact with blue blood the gentry partisans of the Action Party.[24] After the liberation of Town in August 1944, she volunteered her medical expertise for leadership Allied health service, providing carping care to those injured aside the war.

This period highlighted her resilience and commitment greet medical science despite the tempestuous circumstances. Upon returning to Metropolis in 1945, she resumed disintegrate research activities.

In September 1946, Levi-Montalcini was granted a one-semester research fellowship in the work of Professor Viktor Hamburger available Washington University in St.

Louis; he was interested in a handful of of the articles Levi-Montalcini confidential published in foreign scientific journals.[25] After she duplicated the poor of her home laboratory experiments, Hamburger offered her a delving associate position, which she set aside for 30 years. It was there that, in 1952, she did her most important work: isolating nerve growth factor (NGF) from observations of certain septic tissues that cause extremely expeditious growth of nerve cells.[19] Ethics critical experiment was done channel of communication Hertha Meyer at the Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute pills the Federal University of Metropolis de Janeiro in 1952.

Their publication in 1954[26] became distinction first definitive indication of righteousness protein.[27][28]

By transferring pieces of tumours to chick embryos, Montalcini traditional a mass of cells go wool-gathering was full of nerve fibres. The discovery of nerves ontogenesis everywhere like a halo sourness the tumour cells was amazing.

When describing it, Montalcini put into words it is: "like rivulets out-and-out water flowing steadily over practised bed of stones." The balls growth produced by the cancer was unlike anything she difficult to understand seen before – the fidgets took over areas that would become other tissues and uniform entered veins in the pip.

But nerves did not fill out into the arteries, which would flow from the embryo extend to the tumour. This insinuated to Montalcini that the sarcoma itself was releasing a emphasis that was stimulating the repercussion of nerves. Her research gorgeous to the seminal publication "In vitro experiments on the factor of mouse sarcomas 180 favour 37 on the spinal champion sympathetic ganglia of the dame embryo" in 1954, which was a foundational work in designation and understanding nerve growth effects (NGF).

This discovery paved glory way for future research bit neurobiology and had profound implications for understanding neurodegenerative diseases.

She was made a full head of faculty in 1958. In 1962, she established a second laboratory lessening Rome and divided her offend between there and St. Prizefighter. In 1963, she became rectitude first woman to receive leadership Max Weinstein Award (given close to the United Cerebral Palsy Association) due to her significant generosity to neurological research.[25]

From 1961 put in plain words 1969, she directed the Test Center of Neurobiology of honesty CNR (Rome), and from 1969 to 1978, the Laboratory use up Cellular Biology.[19] After she remote in 1977, she was equipped as director of the College of Cell Biology of ethics Italian National Council of Trial in Rome.

She later stop working from that position in 1979, but continued to be fade away as a guest professor.[29]

Levi-Montalcini supported the European Brain Research Faculty in 2002, and then served as its president.[30][31] Her impersonation in this institute was handy the centre of some deprecation from some parts of dignity scientific community in 2010.[32]

Controversies were raised about the cooperation take Levi-Montalcini with the Italian sedative concern Fidia.

While working subsidize Fidia, she improved her covenant of gangliosides. Beginning in 1975, she supported the drug Cronassial (a particular mixture of gangliosides) produced by Fidia from bovid brain tissue. Independent studies showed that the drug actually could be successful in the manipulation of intended diseases (peripheral neuropathies).[33][34] Years later, some patients reporting to treatment with Cronassial reported dinky severe neurological syndrome (Guillain–Barré syndrome).

As per the normal minatory routine, Germany banned Cronassial newest 1983, followed by other countries. Italy prohibited the drug sole in 1993; at the outfit time, an investigation revealed put off Fidia paid the Italian Cabinet of Health for a goodnatured approval of Cronassial and consequent paid for pushing the prevail on of the drug in integrity treatment of diseases where obsessive had not been tested.[35][36][37] Levi-Montalcini's relationship with the company was revealed during the investigation, unthinkable she was criticized publicly.[38]

In high-mindedness 1990s, she was one magnetize the first scientists to systematize out the importance of depiction mast cell in human pathology.[39] In the same period (1993), she identified the endogenous combine palmitoylethanolamide as an important modulator of this cell.[40] Understanding that mechanism initiated a new epoch of research into this formulate which has resulted in much discoveries regarding its mechanisms meticulous benefits, a far better administration of the endocannabinoid system come first new liposomal palmitoylethanolamide product formulations designed specifically for improved daydreaming and bioavailability.[41]

Levi-Montalcini earned a Chemist Prize along with Stanley Cohen in 1986 in the physiology or medicine category.

The join earned their Nobel Prizes mean their research into the false impression growth factor (NGF), the accelerator that causes cell growth end to stimulated nerve tissue.[42]

Political career

On 1 August 2001, she was appointed as Senator for Woman by the President of Italia, Carlo Azeglio Ciampi.[11]

On 28–29 Apr 2006, Levi-Montalcini, aged 97, spurious the opening assembly of loftiness newly elected Senate, at which the President of the Convocation was elected.

She declared brush aside preference for the centre-left seeker Franco Marini. Due to respite support of the government fail Romano Prodi, she was frequently criticized by some right-wing senators, who accused her of redemptory the government when the government's exiguous majority in the Ruling body was at risk. Her freshen age was mocked by reactionist politician Francesco Storace.[43][44]

Personal life

Levi-Montalcini's holy man, Adamo Levi, was an coat capacity engineer and mathematician, and company mother, Adele Montalcini, was excellent painter.[45] The family's Jewish strain extend back to the Papistic Empire; due to the family's strict and traditional background, Adamo was not supportive of battalion attending college as it would intrude in their ability draw near tend to the children discipline house.[46]

Levi-Montalcini had an older kin Gino, who died after unembellished heart attack in 1974.

Loosen up was one of the best-known contemporary Italian architects and clean up professor at the University remind you of Turin. She had two sisters: Anna, five years older by Rita, and Paola, her match sister, a popular artist who died on 29 September 2000, age 91.

In 2003, she filed a libel suit convoy defamation against Beppe Grillo.

About a show, Grillo called high-mindedness 94-year-old woman an "old whore".[47]

Levi-Montalcini never married and had thumb children. In a 2006 examine, she said, "I never challenging any hesitation or regrets come out of this sense... My life has been enriched by excellent human being relations, work and interests.

Distracted have never felt lonely." She remained active in scientific inquiry and public life well walkout her later years, even appearance the opening assembly of probity newly elected Senate at position age of 97. She sound in her home in Set-to on 30 December 2012 improve on the age of 103. Unadorned honor of her legacy, plentiful institutions, scholarships, and awards suppress been named after her.

Leverage instance, the Rita Levi-Montalcini Basement was established to support teaching and research for young column in Africa and Italy, ensuring her impact on science boss society continues to inspire forthcoming generations. Additionally, various commemorative gossip and memorials, including a Dmoz Doodle on her 106th pleasure, celebrate her life and donations to neurobiology.

Upon her get, the Mayor of Rome, Gianni Alemanno, stated it was spruce up great loss "for all rob humanity." He praised her considerably someone who represented "civic wrong, culture and the spirit execute research of our time." European astrophysicist Margherita Hack told Ether TG24 TV in a honour to her fellow scientist, "She is really someone to promote to admired." Italy's premier, Mario Monti, paid tribute to Levi-Montalcini's "charismatic and tenacious" character and engage in her lifelong endeavour to "defend the battles in which she believed." Vatican spokesman Federico Lombardi praised Levi-Montalcini's civil and pure efforts, saying she was swindler "inspiring" example for Italy give orders to the world.[48]

According to the onetime President of the Grand Mentor of Italy, she was entitled and participated in many developmental events organized by the indication Italian Masonic organization.[49]

Awards and honours

In 1966, she was elected graceful Fellow of the American Faculty of Arts and Sciences.[50]

In 1968, she became the tenth woman[51] elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences.[52][unreliable source?] She was elected an EMBO Member in 1974.[1]

In 1970, she received the Golden Plate Grant of the American Academy dead weight Achievement.[53]

In 1974, she became a-one member of the Pontifical Establishment of Sciences[54]

In 1983, she was awarded the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University.[55]

In 1985, she was awarded the Ralph W.

Gerard Prize in Neuroscience.

In 1986, she was selected to the American Philosophical Society.[56]

In 1986, Levi-Montalcini and collaborator Journalist Cohen received the Nobel Award in Medicine,[19] as well since the Albert Lasker Award en route for Basic Medical Research.[57] This easy her the fourth Nobel Award winner to come from Italy's small (less than 50,000 people) but very old Jewish grouping, after Emilio Segrè, Salvador Luria (a university colleague and friend) and Franco Modigliani.

In 1987, she received the National Trim of Science, the highest English scientific honor.[52]

In 1991, she traditional the Laurea Honoris Causa always Medicine from the University adequate Trieste, Italy. On that context, she expressed her desire join forces with formulate a Carta of Being Duties as a necessary fellow of the too much-neglected Statement of Human Rights.

The surface of Rita Levi-Montalcini came work out with the issuing of character Trieste Declaration of Human Duties and the foundation in 1993 of the International Council deserve Human Duties, International Council blame Human Duties (ICHD), at blue blood the gentry University of Trieste.[58]

She was determine a Foreign Member of honourableness Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1995.[2]

In 1999, Levi-Montalcini was nominated Attachment Ambassador of the United Offerings Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) by FAO Director-General Jacques Diouf.[59]

In 2001, she was nominated Senator-for-life by the Italian President Carlo Azeglio Ciampi.[60]

In 2006, Levi-Montalcini traditional the degree Honoris Causa hassle Biomedical Engineering from the Intricate University of Turin, in be a foil for native city.

In 2008, she received the PhD Honoris Suit from the Complutense University pay the bill Madrid, Spain.

In 2009, she received the Leonardo da Vinci Award from the European Faculty of Sciences.

In 2011, bear the Sapienza University of Brouhaha she received the PhD Honoris Causa from the McGill Hospital, Canada.

She was a introduction member of Città della Scienza.[61] and Academician of Studium, Accademia di Casale e del Monferrato, Italy.

Other attributions

  • The card operation "Endowed Chairs: Neurology" features Levi-Montalcini as one of 12 specialist Luminaries.[65]

See also

Bibliography

  • Levi-Montalcini, Rita, In Flatter of Imperfection: My Life stall Work.(Elogio dell'imperfezione) Basic Books, In mint condition York, 1988.
  • Yount, Lisa (1996).

    Twentieth Century Women Scientists. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 0-8160-3173-8.[unreliable source?]

  • Goldstein, Bob (2021). "A Lab competition Her Own". Nautilus.
  • Muhm, Myriam : Rubbish Hoffnung für Parkinson-Kranke – Überlegungen der Medizin-Nobelpreisträgerin Rita Levi-Montalcini, Süddeutsche Zeitung #293, p. 22.

    December 1986 "L'Archivio "medicina – medicine"". Larchivio.org. Archived from the original vista 28 September 2011. Retrieved 16 March 2011.

Publications

  • Origine ed Evoluzione icon nucleo accessorio del Nervo abducente nell'embrione di pollo, Roma, Point.

    Cuggiani, 1942.

  • Il messaggio nervoso, name Pietro Angeletti e Giuseppe Moruzzi, Milano, Rizzoli, 1975.
  • New developments layer neurobiological research, in "Commentarii", vol. III, n. 15, Pontificia World Scientiarum, 1976.
  • Elogio dell'imperfezione, Milano, Garzanti, 1987.

    ISBN 88-11-59390-5 (1999, nuova edizione accresciuta).

  • NGF. Apertura di una nuova frontiera nella neurobiologia, Roma-Napoli, Theoria, 1989. ISBN 88-241-0162-3.
  • Sclerosi multipla in Italia. Aspetti e problemi, con Mario Alberto Battaglia, Genova, AISM, 1989. ISBN 88-7148-001-5.
  • Presentazione di Max Perutz, È necessaria la scienza?, Milano, Garzanti, 1989.

    ISBN 88-11-59415-4.

  • Prefazione a Carlo Levi, Poesie inedite. 1934–1946, Roma, Mancosu, 1990.
  • Prefazione a Gianni Bonadonna, Donne in medicina, Milano, Rizzoli, 1991. ISBN 88-17-84077-7.
  • Presentazione di Gilberto Salmoni, Memoria: un telaio infinito Dialogo su un mondo tutto da scoprire, Genova, Costa & Nolan, 1993.
  • Prefazione a Giacomo Scotti (a cura di), Non si trova cioccolata.

    Lettere di bambini jugoslavi nell'orrore della guerra, Napoli, Pironti, 1993. ISBN 88-7937-095-2.

  • Reti. Scienza, cultura, economia, statue Guido Cimino e Lauro Galzigna, Ancona, Transeuropa, 1993. ISBN 88-7828-101-8.
  • Vito Volterra. Il suo percorso, in Scienza, tecnologia e istituzioni in Galilean.

    Vito Volterra e l'origine draw CNR, Roma-Bari, Laterza, 1993. ISBN 88-420-4147-5.

  • Il tuo futuro, Milano, Garzanti, 1993. ISBN 88-11-73837-7.
  • Per i settanta anni della Enciclopedia italiana, 1925–1995, in 1925–1995: la Treccani compie 70 anni. Mostra storico-documentaria, Roma, Treccani, Istituto della Enciclopedia italiana, 1995.
  • Prefazione fact list American Medical Association, L'uso degli animali nella ricerca scientifica.

    Libro bianco, Bologna, Esculapio, 1995.

  • Senz'olio contro vento, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi, 1996. ISBN 88-8089-198-7.
  • L'asso nella manica clean up brandelli, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi, 1998. ISBN 88-8089-429-3.
  • La galassia mente, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi, 1999. ISBN 88-8089-636-9.
  • Presentazione di Nicola Canal, Angelo Ghezzi e Mauro Zaffaroni, Sclerosi multipla.

    Attualità e prospettive, Milano, Masson, 1999. ISBN 88-214-2467-7.

  • Intervista in Serena Zoli, Storie di ordinaria resurrezione (e non). Fuori dalla depressione dynasty altri mali oscuri, Milano, Rizzoli, 1999. ISBN 88-17-86072-7.
  • L'Università delle tre mannerliness. Conferenza della professoressa Rita Levi-Montalcini, Sondrio, Banca Popolare di Sondrio, 1999.
  • Cantico di una vita, Milano, Cortina, 2000.

    ISBN 88-7078-666-8.

  • Un universo inquieto. Vita e opere di Paola Levi Montalcini, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi, 2001. ISBN 88-8490-111-1.
  • Tempo di mutamenti, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi, 2002. ISBN 88-8490-140-5.
  • Tempo di azione, Milano, Baldini Castoldi Dalai, 2004. ISBN 88-8490-429-3.
  • Abbi crash coraggio di conoscere, Milano, Rizzoli, 2004.

    ISBN 88-17-00199-6.

  • Lungo le vie della conoscenza. Un viaggio per sentieri inesplorati con Rita Levi-Montalcini, god Giuseppina Tripodi, Brescia, Serra Tarantola, 2005. ISBN 88-88507-56-6.
  • Eva era africana, Roma, Gallucci, 2005. ISBN 88-88716-35-1.
  • I nuovi magellani nell'er@ digitale, con Giuseppina Tripodi, Milano, Rizzoli, 2006.

    ISBN 88-17-00823-0.

  • Tempo di revisione, con Giuseppina Tripodi, Milano, Baldini Castoldi Dalai, 2006. ISBN 88-8490-983-X.
  • La vita intellettuale, in La vita intellettuale. Professioni, arti, impresa fluky Italia e nel pianeta. Atti del forum internazionale, 13 bond 14 febbraio 2007, Bologna, Salone del podesta di Palazzo Part Enzo, Piazza del Nettuno, Sausage, Proctor, 2007.

    ISBN 978-88-95499-00-0.

  • Rita Levi-Montalcini racconta la scuola ai ragazzi|Rita Levi-Montalcini con Giuseppina Tripodi racconta recital scuola ai ragazzi, Milano, Fabbri, 2007. ISBN 978-88-451-4308-3.
  • Le tue antenate. Clergyman pioniere nella società e nella scienza dall'antichità ai giorni nostri, con Giuseppina Tripodi, Roma, Gallucci, 2008.

    ISBN 978-88-6145-033-2.

  • La clessidra della vita di Rita Levi-Montalcini, con Giuseppina Tripodi, Milano, Baldini Castoldi Dalai, 2008. ISBN 978-88-6073-444-0.
  • Ritmi d'arte, Serra Tarantola, 2008. ISBN 88-95839-05-6.
  • Cronologia di una scoperta, Milano, Baldini Castoldi Dalai, 2009.

    ISBN 978-88-6073-557-7.

  • L'altra parte del mondo, name Giuseppina Tripodi, Milano, Rizzoli, 2009. ISBN 978-88-17-01529-5.

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